"It is not
by chance that M. Bergson expresses himself by metaphor piled on metaphor. He
is forced by the necessity of his method to suggest by metaphor what escapes
the limits of clear thought. His metaphors are not mere supertitious adornment,
tricks of oratory, but a vital part of his philosophy. It is, therefore, as has
been frequently pointed out, futile either to argue with M. Bergson or to seek
arguments that support his position. He uses no argument ; he states his views
with eloquence and supports them with metaphors, but he offers no loophole for
discussion. The philosophy of creative evolution is indemonstrable, and he does
not seek to demonstrate it. Either one will accept it and share in the
intuition, or one will not. In either case, there is an end of the matter.
...
…The resort to intuition in metaphysics gives rise to serious difficulties. It involves an extreme individualism. Each individual has his own intuition which cannot be expressed nor defended; there can be only reiteration without argument. Even if the intuition were expressible, it could not be refuted, for, since the appeal is to immediate intuition, there is no criterion that may decide between rival intuitions. It lays itself open, therefore, to many of the objections that have been offered against the ' moral sense." In each case, "orthodoxy is my opinion, heterodoxy is other people's opinions "!
…The resort to intuition in metaphysics gives rise to serious difficulties. It involves an extreme individualism. Each individual has his own intuition which cannot be expressed nor defended; there can be only reiteration without argument. Even if the intuition were expressible, it could not be refuted, for, since the appeal is to immediate intuition, there is no criterion that may decide between rival intuitions. It lays itself open, therefore, to many of the objections that have been offered against the ' moral sense." In each case, "orthodoxy is my opinion, heterodoxy is other people's opinions "!
We are
forced, then, on this theory to conclude that philosophy has no greater
universality than art….Just as there is a science of Aesthetics, so
there is a science of " living “… This science is philosophy. It is
not of course a positive science nor a normative science, but a system of
knowledge which claims universality just as much as the exact sciences do, but
with no more pretension to finality. To argue that, because a man's life
involves a whole metaphysic, that, therefore, metaphysics is the art of living,
seems to me to be analogous to arguing that because bodily movements are in
conformity with, and therefore involve the laws of, positive science, that,
therefore, such science is the art of bodily movement......
The object
of philosophy is the attainment and communication of knowledge of Reality. In
so far as the line between science and art is clearly drawn, philosophy is a
science and not an art. We shall never learn philosophy by living it, any more
than we shall know what justice is only by doing just actions. M. Bergson
is led to adopt the standpoint of art because he holds that to know a thing as
it is, one must be it. The distinction between subject and object, the
antithesis between the act of knowing and the thing known, is thus to be
abolished in the interests of knowledge itself.
Pragmatism
and French voluntarism , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 1914 ,146-148
Susan L. Stebbing 1885-1943